Nouns and Verbs in Inglish: -îe

In Inglish, words ending with -îe exhibit distinct patterns that differentiate their noun and verb forms.
This section explores how these verbs transform into nouns and adjectives, highlighting the spelling changes involved.
Additionally, we delve into the etymological origins of these words—many of which were inherited from English and originally derived from Old French—reflecting the historical influences that have shaped the Inglish language.

Let's explore specific verbs and their derived nouns and adjectives, along with their etymological backgrounds:

1. ta crîe

Derived Nouns:
crîe, crîs
crîeur

Etymology:
Derived from Middle English crien, from Old French crier, originating from Latin quiritare meaning "to wail or lament."

2. ta trîe

Derived Noun:
trîal

Etymology:
Comes from Middle English trien, from Old French trier meaning "to pick out, select," tracing back to Late Latin tritare meaning "to grind."

3. ta spîe

Derived Noun:
spîe, spîs

Etymology:
Originates from Middle English spien, from Old French espier, which is from Frankish spehōn, related to Proto-Germanic spehōną meaning "to watch, observe."

4. ta eye

Derived Noun:
eye, eyes

Etymology:
Derived from Old English ēage, from Proto-Germanic augô, meaning "eye." Unlike the others, this word is of Germanic origin, not Old French.

5. ta denîe

Derived Noun:
denîal

Etymology:
Comes from Middle English denyen, from Old French denier, which stems from Latin denegare meaning "to deny, refuse."

6. ta replîe

Derived Noun:
replîe, replîs

Etymology:
Derived from Middle English replien, from Old French replier meaning "to fold back," from Latin replicare meaning "to fold, repeat."

7. ta complîe

Derived Nouns and Adjectives:
complîant
complîance

Etymology:
Originates from Middle French complier, an alteration of Latin complēre meaning "to complete, fulfill."

8. ta relîe

Derived Nouns and Adjectives:
relîant
relîance
relîable

Etymology:
Comes from Middle English relien, from Old French relier meaning "to bind together," from Latin religare meaning "to tie back."

9. ta aplîe

Derived Nouns and Adjectives:
aplîant
aplîance
aplicant
aplicâcion

Etymology:
Derived from Middle English applien, from Old French applier, from Latin applicare meaning "to attach, join."

10. ta defîe

Derived Nouns and Adjectives:
defîant
defîance

Etymology:
Comes from Middle English defien, from Old French desfier meaning "to renounce faith, challenge," from Vulgar Latin disfidare.

11. ta frîe

Noun Forms:
frîs
frîore

Etymology:

fryhe: From Old French frire, from Latin frīgere meaning "to roast, fry." This reflects a Romance influence.

Orthographic Patterns and Rules

To understand how these verbs transform into nouns and adjectives, we observe the following patterns and rules:

Dropping of Final -e:
In forming nouns and adjectives, the final -e of the verb is often dropped before adding suffixes like -al, -ant, -ance, -able, or -âcion.
Example: aplîe → aplîant, aplicâcion

Addition of Suffixes:
-al: Forms nouns indicating an action or result.
Example: trîal
-ant: Forms adjectives or nouns indicating an agent or participant.
Examples: complîant, relîant
-ance: Forms nouns indicating a state or quality.
Examples: complîance, relîance
-able: Forms adjectives indicating capability or suitability.
Example: relîable
-eur: Forms nouns indicating a person performing an action.
Example: crîeur

Pluralization:
For nouns derived directly from the verb, drop -e and add -s to form the plural.
Examples: crîe → crîs, frîe → frîs, spîe → spîs

Etymological Influence of Old French on English

The significant influence of Old French on the English language dates back to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.
The Norman rulers brought Old French, which became the language of the court, law, and the upper classes.
As a result, many Old French words were adopted into Middle English, enriching the vocabulary and affecting spelling and grammar.

The -îe verbs listed above are prime examples of this linguistic blending:

Legal and Formal Terms:
Words like trîal and denîal reflect legal concepts introduced by the Normans.

Verbs of Communication:
Replîe and complîe are associated with formal communication and agreement.

Expressions of Emotion and Action:
Crîe and defîe convey actions and emotions, adding depth to personal expression.

Understanding the Old French origins of these words helps explain their spelling patterns and meanings in Inglish.
The retention of certain suffixes and the transformation of verbs into nouns and adjectives reflect historical usage and etymology.